That the ancestors of Americans Indians would have had to cross the Bering Straight, most likely via the land bridge that existed during the last ice age is a FACT.  Indian Country Today has been running a series which looks critically at the history of the "Bering Straight Theory". (

)   (

).    There is much of value in those writings.  However, some of their readers don't get the point.  Many of the readers, judging by their comments on a Facebook thread discussing the articles, think the point is that American Indians ancestors did not cross over to America from someplace else, most likely via the Bering Straight land bridge.  Moreover, many of their readers would repudiate the "Out of Africa" model of human evolution.  They even go as far as to talk of a fringe theory which has humans evolving in America then walking the other way.  
Due to overwhelming DNA evidence it is a Law of science that all humans evolved in Africa sharing an ancestor with the other great apes there 6-7 million years ago, with modern humans arising about 200,000 years ago migrating out of Africa 70,000 years ago. With very limited mating with earlier Homo Neanderthalensis and Homo Denisova to populate the rest of the world. 

That law of science leas to the following FACT of science, the ancestors of Native American Indians arrived here in the Americas from Asia either in boats skimming to cost of the Bering Straight land bridge about 30,000 years ago or walking on that land bridge 15,000 years ago.   The Bering Straight migration from Asia to America is a FACT.

If you are reading this and are a native american genetic male you may have and the occasion to take or want to take a DNA paternity test.  We look at the DNA of the mother and the father and can compare them to tell who's related and how much.  

The modern science which leads to the Bering Straight FACT is the same but on a grander scale.  It is as if a DNA paternity test was done on the Y-chromosomes of a representative sample of genetic males from around the world.     Likewise the same was done with DNA in the mitochodria of the cell, which only comes from mother to daughter.  Both of those family trees led back to Africa about 200,000 +/- 20000 or so years ago.   

FACT vs THEORY. 
After many years of speaking to the public about science I am convinced that for items like Evolution, the origin of humans in Africa, the big bang etc.... once a certain level of proof is reached one can stop calling it a theory  and call it a really truly proven FACT.  Science class teaches, correctly that a theory is never really truly proven... however LAWS OF SCIENCE are.  The origin of ALL LIVING HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS in AFRICA is a LAW OF SCIENCE and therefore a  FACT! 

Here is a long list of peer reviewed scientific publications which back up this FACT OF SCIENCE

On the African Origin of Homo Sapeins Sapiens. 

1.  Takahata, N (January 1993). "Allelic genealogy and human evolution". Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 (1): 2–22. PMID 8450756.
2. Jump up^ Hammer MF (1995). "A recent common ancestry for human Y chromosomes".Nature 378 (6555): 376–378. doi:10.1038/378376a0. PMID 7477371.
3. Jump up^ Dorit RL, Akashi H, Gilbert W (1995). "Absence of polymorphism at the ZFY locus on the human Y chromosome". Science 268 (5214): 1183–1185.doi:10.1126/science.7761836. PMID 7761836.
4. Jump up^ Huang W, Fu YX, Chang BH, Gu X, Jorde LB, Li WH (1998). "Sequence variation in ZFX introns in human populations". Mol Biol Evol 15 (2): 138–142.doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a025910. PMID 9491612.
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cruciani, Fulvio; Trombetta, Beniamino; Massaia, Andrea; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Sellitto, Daniele; Scozzari, Rosaria (2011). "A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa". The American Journal of Human Genetics 88 (6): 814–8.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002. PMC 3113241. PMID 21601174.
6. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Hammer, Michael F. (7 March 2013). "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree". American Journal of Human Genetics92 (3): 454. doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002. PMC 3591855. PMID 23453668.(primary source)
7. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science 341 (6145): 565–569.doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMID 23908240.
8. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science 341 (6145): 562–565. doi:10.1126/science.1237619.PMID 23908239.
9. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dawkins (2005-09-02). The Ancestor's Tale. ISBN 9780618619160.
10. Jump up^ Blaine Bettinger (20 July 2007). "Mitochondrial Eve and Y-chromosomal Adam".The Genetic Genealogist.
11. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". Science341 (6145): 465–467. doi:10.1126/science.1242899. PMID 23908212.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Meilerman MB, Underhill PA, Zegura SL, Hammer MF (2008). "New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree". Genome Research 18 (5): 830–8.doi:10.1101/gr.7172008. PMC 2336805. PMID 18385274.
13. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e} Fulvio Cruciani, Beniamino Trombetta, Andrea Massaia, Giovanni Destro-Biso, Daniele Sellitto y Rosaria Scozzari 2011, A Revised Root for the human Y-chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa
14. Jump up^ Scozzari R; Massaia A; D'Atanasio E; Myres NM; Perego UA et al. (2012)."Molecular Dissection of the Basal Clades in the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". In Caramelli, David. PLoS ONE 7 (11): e49170.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0049170. PMC 3492319. PMID 23145109.
15. Jump up^ Mendez; F. L. et al. "Supplemental Data: An African American Paternal Lineage Adds an Extremely Ancient Root to the Human Y Chromosome Phylogenetic Tree". The American Journal of Human Genetics 92.
16. Jump up^ Barras, Colin (6 March 2013). "The father of all men is 340,000 years old". New Scientist. Retrieved 7 March 2013.
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rathi A (2 August 2013). Genetic Adam and Eve may have walked on Earth at the same time "Genetic Adam and Eve may have walked on Earth at the same time". ars technica. Condé Nast. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
18. ^ Jump up to:^a b University of Michigan Health System (1 August 2013). "The when and where of the Y: Research on Y chromosomes uncovers new clues about human ancestry". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
19. ^ Jump up to:^a b Thomson, J. et al. (2000). "Recent common ancestry of human Y chromosomes: Evidence from DNA sequence data". PNAS 97 (13): 6927–9.doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6927. PMC 34361. PMID 10860948.
20. Jump up^ "Genetic 'Adam never met Eve'". BBC News. 2000-10-30. Retrieved 2013-03-08.
21. Jump up^ Stone et al. (2007). "Fundamentals of Human Evolution". Genes, Culture and Human Evolution. ISBN 1-4051-3166-7.
22. Jump up^ Cavalli-Sforza, Luigi Luca (2007). "Human Evolution and Its Relevance for Genetic Epidemiology". Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 8: 1–15.doi:10.1146/annurev.genom.8.080706.092403. PMID 17408354.

1.  Pedro Soares et al 2009, Correcting for Purifying Selection: An Improved Human Mitochondrial Molecular Clock. and its Supplemental Data. The American Journal of Human Genetics, Volume 84, Issue 6, 740–759, 4 June 2009
2. Jump up^ "Jordan: 'Mitochondrial Eve'". weber.ucsd.edu. 2011. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
3. ^ Jump up to:^a b Cann RL, Stoneking M, Wilson AC (1987), "Mitochondrial DNA and human evolution", Nature 325 (6099): 31–36, Bibcode:1987Natur.325...31C,doi:10.1038/325031a0, PMID 3025745
4. Jump up^ Soares P, Ermini L, Thomson N, et al. (June 2009), "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock", Am. J. Hum. Genet.84 (6): 740–59, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001, PMC 2694979,PMID 19500773. University of Leeds – New 'molecular clock' aids dating of human migration history
5. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Poznik GD, Henn BM, Yee MC, Sliwerska E, Euskirchen GM, Lin AA, Snyder M, Quintana-Murci L, Kidd JM, Underhill PA, Bustamante CD (August 2013). "Sequencing Y chromosomes resolves discrepancy in time to common ancestor of males versus females". Science 341 (6145): 562–565.doi:10.1126/science.1237619. PMID 23908239.
6. Jump up^ 'Your Genetic Journey' – The Genographic Project
7. Jump up^ Endicott, P; Ho, SY; Metspalu, M; Stringer, C (September 2009), "Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution", Trends Ecol. Evol. (Amst.) 24 (9): 515–21, doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.04.006, PMID 19682765
8. ^ Jump up to:^a b Dawkins, Richard (2004), The ancestor's tale: a pilgrimage to the dawn of evolution, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, ISBN 0-618-00583-8
9. Jump up^ Mendez, Fernando; Krahn, Thomas; Schrack, Bonnie; Krahn, Astrid-Maria; Veeramah, Krishna; Woerner, August; Fomine, Forka Leypey Mathew; Bradman, Neil; Thomas, Mark (7 March 2013), "An African American paternal lineage adds an extremely ancient root to the human Y chromosome phylogenetic tree",American Journal of Human Genetics 92 (3): 454, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.02.002,PMC 3591855, PMID 23453668 (primary source)
10. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Barras, Colin (6 March 2013). "The father of all men is 340,000 years old". New Scientist. Retrieved 13 March 2013.
11. Jump up^ Francalacci P, Morelli L, Angius A, Berutti R, Reinier F, Atzeni R, Pilu R, Busonero F, Maschio A, Zara I, Sanna D, Useli A, Urru MF, Marcelli M, Cusano R, Oppo M, Zoledziewska M, Pitzalis M, Deidda F, Porcu E, Poddie F, Kang HM, Lyons R, Tarrier B, Gresham JB, Li B, Tofanelli S, Alonso S, Dei M, Lai S, Mulas A, Whalen MB, Uzzau S, Jones C, Schlessinger D, Abecasis GR, Sanna S, Sidore C, Cucca F (2013). "Low-pass DNA sequencing of 1200 Sardinians reconstructs European Y-chromosome phylogeny". Science 341 (6145): 565–569.doi:10.1126/science.1237947. PMID 23908240.
12. Jump up^ Cann RL (2013). "Genetics. Y weigh in again on modern humans". Science 341(6145): 465–467. doi:10.1126/science.1242899. PMID 23908212.
13. Jump up^ Brown WM, George M Jr, Wilson AC; George; Wilson (1979), "Rapid evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 76 (4): 1967–1971,Bibcode:1979PNAS...76.1967B, doi:10.1073/pnas.76.4.1967, PMC 383514,PMID 109836
14. Jump up^ Ferris SD, Brown WM, Wilson AC; Wilson; Brown (1981), "Evolutionary tree for apes and humans based on cleavage maps of mitochondrial DNA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 (4): 2432–2436, Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.2432F,doi:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2432, PMC 319360, PMID 6264476
15. Jump up^ Ferris SD, Brown WM, Wilson AC (1980), "Polymorphism in mitochondrial DNA of humans as revealed by restriction endonuclease analysis", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77 (6): 2432–2436, doi:10.1073/pnas.78.4.2432, PMC 319360,PMID 6264476
16. Jump up^ Cann RL, Brown WM, Wilson AC (1982), "Evolution of human mitochondrial DNA: a preliminary report", Prog Clin Biol Res 103 (Pt A): 157–165, PMID 6298804
17. Jump up^ Cann RL, Wilson AC (1983), "Length mutations in human mitochondrial DNA",Genetics 104 (4): 699–711, PMC 1202135, PMID 6311667
18. ^ Jump up to:^a b Gitschier J (2010), "All about Mitochondrial Eve: An interview with Rebecca Cann", PLoS Genetics 6 (3): e1000959, doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000959,PMC 2877732, PMID 20523888
19. Jump up^ Denaro M, Blanc H, Johnson MJ, Chen KH, Wilmsen E, Cavalli-Sforza LL, Wallace DC (1981), "Ethnic variation in Hpa 1 endonuclease cleavage patterns of human mitochondrial DNA", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 78 (9): 5768–5772,Bibcode:1981PNAS...78.5768D, doi:10.1073/pnas.78.9.5768, PMC 348856,PMID 6272318
20. Jump up^ Vigilant L, Stoneking M, Harpending H, Hawkes K, Wilson AC (September 1991), "African populations and the evolution of human mitochondrial DNA", Science 253(5027): 1503–1507, Bibcode:1991Sci...253.1503V,doi:10.1126/science.1840702, PMID 1840702
21. Jump up^ Johnson NA (2007), Darwinian Detectives: Revealing the Natural History of Genes and Genomes, New York (US): Oxford University Press, Inc, p. 92,ISBN 9780195306750
22. ^ Jump up to:^a b Lewin R (1987), "The unmasking of mitochondrial Eve", Science 238 (4823): 24–26, Bibcode:1987Sci...238...24L, doi:10.1126/science.3116666,PMID 3116666
23. Jump up^ Wainscoat J (1987), "Out of the garden of Eden", Nature 325 (6099): 13,Bibcode:1987Natur.325...13W, doi:10.1038/325013a0, PMID 3796736
24. Jump up^ Wilkins A (27 January 2012). "The scientists behind Mitochondrial Eve tell us about the "lucky mother" who changed human evolution forever". On the Human. Gawker Media 2013. Retrieved 2013-05-03.
25. Jump up^ Cann RL (1997), "Chapter 4: Mothers, Labels, and Misogyny", in Hager LD,Women in Human Evolution, London, UK: Routledge, pp. 75–89,ISBN 9780415108331
26. Jump up^ Tierney J (1992). "The Search for Adam and Eve". Newsweek. Carter G. Woodson Institute for Afro-American and African Studies. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
27. Jump up^ Lemonick MD (26 January 1987). "Everyone's Genealogical Mother". Time. Time Inc. Retrieved 2013-05-13.
28. Jump up^ Giles, Richard E; H Blanc, H M Cann, and D C Wallace (1980), "Maternal inheritance of human mitochondrial DNA", PNAS 77 (11): 6715–6719,Bibcode:1980PNAS...77.6715G, doi:10.1073/pnas.77.11.6715, PMC 350359,PMID 6256757
29. Jump up^ Birky, C. William (2008), "Uniparental inheritance of organelle genes", Current Biology 18 (16): R692–R695, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.06.049, PMID 18727899
30. Jump up^ Soares, P; Ermini, L; Thomson, N; Mormina, M; Rito, T; Röhl, A; Salas, A; Oppenheimer, S; Macaulay, V (June 2009), "Correcting for purifying selection: an improved human mitochondrial molecular clock", American Journal of Human Genetics 84 (6): 740–59, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.05.001, PMC 2694979,PMID 19500773
31. Jump up^ Gibbons, A (January 1998), "Calibrating the Mitochondrial Clock", Science 279(5347): 28–29, Bibcode:1998Sci...279...28G, doi:10.1126/science.279.5347.28,PMID 9441404
32. Jump up^ There are sites in mtDNA (such as: 16129, 16223, 16311, 16362) that evolve more rapidly, have been noted to change within intragenerational timeframes –Excoffier&Yang (1999).
33. Jump up^ Takahata, N (January 1993), "Allelic genealogy and human evolution", Mol. Biol. Evol. 10 (1): 2–22, PMID 8450756""
34. Jump up^ Cruciani, F; Trombetta, B; Massaia, A; Destro-Bisol, G; Sellitto, D; Scozzari, R (10 June 2011), "A Revised Root for the Human Y Chromosomal Phylogenetic Tree: The Origin of Patrilineal Diversity in Africa", The American Journal of Human Genetics 88 (6): 814–818, doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.05.002, PMC 3113241,PMID 21601174
35. Jump up^ http://www.nature.com/news/genetic-adam-and-eve-did-not-live-too-far-apart-in-time-1.13478
36. ^ Jump up to:^a b Rohde, DL; Olson, S; Chang, JT (September 2004), "Modelling the recent common ancestry of all living humans", Nature 431 (7008): 562–6,Bibcode:2004Natur.431..562R, doi:10.1038/nature02842, PMID 15457259
37. Jump up^ Wieland C (2005), "Mitochondrial Eve and biblical Eve are looking good: criticism of young age is premature", Journal of Creation 19 (1): 57–59
38. Jump up^ Nelson CW (1 April 2003). "Genetics and Biblical Demographic Events".answersingenesis.org. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
39. Jump up^ Oakes J. "Can the human arguments about mitochondrial Eve and y-chromosome Adam be extended to the animal world to test the reality of the flood of Noah?".Evidence for Christianity. Answers in Genesis. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
40. Jump up^ Darlu P, Tassy P (1987). "Disputed African origin of human populations". Nature329 (6135): 111–112. Bibcode:1987Natur.329..111D. doi:10.1038/329111b0.PMID 3114640.
41. Jump up^ Maddison DR (1991). "African Origin of human mitochondrial DNA reexamined".Systematic Zoology 40 (3): 355–363. JSTOR 2992327.
42. Jump up^ Nei M (1992). "Age of the common ancestor of human mitochondrial DNA". Mol Biol Evol 9 (6): 1176–1178. PMID 1435241.
43. Jump up^ Ayala FJ (1995). "The myth of Eve: molecular biology and human origins".Science 270 (5244): 1930–1936. Bibcode:1995Sci...270.1930A.doi:10.1126/science.270.5244.1930. PMID 8533083.
44. Jump up^ Templeton A (2002). "Out of Africa again and again". Nature 416 (6876): 45–51.doi:10.1038/416045a. PMID 11882887.
45. Jump up^ Templeton A (1997). "Out of Africa? What do genes tell us?". Current Opinion in Genetics&Development 7 (6): 841–847. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(97)80049-4.PMID 9468796.
46. Jump up^ Harrub B, Thompson B (2003). "The Demise of Mitochondrial Eve". Apologetics Press. Apologetics Press, Inc. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
47. Jump up^ Thompson B, Harrub B (2003). "How Many Times does "Mitochondrial Eve" have to Die?". Apologetics Press. Apologetics Press, Inc. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
48. Jump up^ Holsinger K (29 September 2012). "(Mathematics of the coalescent) An example: Mitochondrial Eve". Holsinger Lab. Retrieved 2013-05-16.
49. Jump up^ Cyran KA, Kimmel M (2010). "Alternatives to the Wright-Fisher model: the robustness of mitochondrial Eve dating". Theor Popul Biol 78 (3): 165–172.doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2010.06.001. PMID 20600209.
50. Jump up^ Fu Q, Mittnik A, Johnson PLF, Bos K, Lari M, Bollongino R, Sun C, Giemsch L, Schmitz R, Burger J, Ronchitelli AM, Martini F, Cremonesi RG, Svoboda J, Bauer P, Caramelli D, Castellano S, Reich D, Pääbo S, Krause J (March 21, 2013). "A revised timescale for human evolution based on ancient mitochondrial genomes".Current Biology 23 (7): 553–559. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.02.044.
51. Jump up^ Tishkoff et al. (2007); also see Behar et al. (2008) for example.
52. Jump up^ Oppenheimer, Stephen (2004), The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, New York: Carroll&Graf, ISBN 0-7867-1334-8
53. Jump up^ Bryan Sykes (2002), The Seven Daughters of Eve: The Science That Reveals Our Genetic Ancestry, W. W. Norton & Company, ISBN 978-0-393-32314-6
54. Jump up^ Richard Dawkins (1995), River out of eden: a Darwinian view of life, Basic Books, ISBN 978-0-465-06990-3, retrieved 5 December 2011
55. Jump up^ Stephen Oppenheimer (2003), The Real Eve: Modern Man's Journey Out of Africa, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-7867-1192-2, retrieved 5 December 2011

Citations specifically relating to the Bering Straight crossing. 

1. Goebel, Ted; Waters, Michael R.; O'Rourke, Dennis H. (2008). "The Late Pleistocene dispersal of modern humans in the Americas" (PDF). Science 319(5869): 1497–1502. doi:10.1126/science.1153569. PMID 18339930. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
2. Jump up^ "Pause Is Seen in a Continent’s Peopling". New York Times. 13 Mar 2014.
3. Jump up^ Gremillion, David H. (2008-09-25). Archaeolog: Pre Siberian Human Migration to America: Possible validation by HTLV-1 mutation analysis. Traumwerk.stanford.edu. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000078. Retrieved 2010-10-12.
4. Jump up^ Bonatto, Sandro L.; Salzano, Francisco M. (1997). "A single and early migration for the peopling of the Americas supported by mitochondrial DNA sequence data".Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 94: 1866–1871.doi:10.1073/pnas.94.5.1866. PMC 20009. PMID 9050871.
5. Jump up^ Phillip M. White (2006). American Indian chronology: chronologies of the American mosaic. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 1. ISBN 978-0-313-33820-5. Retrieved 29 November 2011.
6. ^ Jump up to:^{a b c d e f} Wells, Spencer; Read, Mark (2002). The Journey of Man - A Genetic Odyssey (Digitised online by Google books). Random House. pp. 138–140.ISBN 0-8129-7146-9. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
7. Jump up^ "Chaw joins poop in archaeology arsenal". University of Wisconsin.
8. Jump up^ Axelrod, Alan (2003). The Complete Idiot's Guide to American History. Alpha Books. ISBN 0-02-864464-6. Retrieved 2010-02-05.
9. Jump up^ "Introduction". Government of Canada. Parks Canada. 2009. Retrieved 2010-01-09. "Canada's oldest known home is a cave in Yukon occupied not 12,000 years ago like the U.S. sites, but at least 20,000 years ago"
10. Jump up^ "Pleistocene Archaeology of the Old Crow Flats". Vuntut National Park of Canada. 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-10. "However, despite the lack of this conclusive and widespread evidence, there are suggestions of human occupation in the northern Yukon about 24,000 years ago, and hints of the presence of humans in the Old Crow Basin as far back as about 40,000 years ago."^{[dead link]}
11. Jump up^ "Atlas of the Human Journey". National Genographic.
12. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d "First Americans". Southern Methodist University-David J. Meltzer, B.A., M.A., Ph.D. Archived from the original on 2009-11-01.
13. ^ Jump up to:^a b c "Jorney of mankind". Brad Shaw Foundation.
14. Jump up^ Lister, Adrian; Bahn, Paul G (2007-11-10). "Mammoths: Giants of the Ice Age".By Adrian Lister, Paul G. Bahn. ISBN 978-0-7112-2801-6.
15. Jump up^ Jordan, David K (2009). "Prehistoric Beringia". University of California-San Diego. Retrieved 2010-04-15.
16. Jump up^ Jody Hey, "On the Number of New World Founders: A Population Genetic Portrait of the Peopling of the Americas", Public Library of Science Biology, 3(6):e193 (2005)
17. ^ Jump up to:^a b c d "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders". PLoS ONE (eISSN-1932-6203).
18. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Than, Ker (2008). "New World Settlers Took 20,000-Year Pit Stop". National Geographic Society. Retrieved 2010-01-23. "Over time descendants developed a unique culture—one that was different from the original migrants' way of life in Asia but which contained seeds of the new cultures that would eventually appear throughout the Americas"
19. ^ Jump up to:^a b "The peopling of the Americas: Genetic ancestry influences health".Scientific American.
20. Jump up^ "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Retrieved 2009-10-05.
21. Jump up^ (2003) "Y-Chromosome Evidence for Differing Ancient Demographic Histories in the Americas," (pdf) Maria-Catira Bortolini, Francisco M. Salzano, Mark G. Thomas, Steven Stuart, Selja P. K. Nasanen, Claiton H. D. Bau, Mara H. Hutz, Zulay Layrisse, Maria L. Petzl-Erler, Luiza T. Tsuneto, Kim Hill, Ana M. Hurtado, Dinorah Castro-de-Guerra, Maria M. Torres, Helena Groot, Roman Michalski, Pagbajabyn Nymadawa, Gabriel Bedoya, Neil Bradman, Damian Labuda, Andres Ruiz-Linares. Department of Biology, University College, London; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil; Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas, Caracas, Venezuela; Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil; 5Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque; 6Laboratorio de Genética Humana, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá; Victoria Hospital, Prince Albert, Canada; Subassembly of Medical Sciences, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia; Laboratorio de Genética Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia; Université de Montréal, Montreal. 73:524-539. Retrieved 2010-01-22.
22. Jump up^ Dyke, A.S., A. Moore, and L. Robertson, 2003, Deglaciation of North America, Geological Survey of Canada Open File, 1574. (Thirty-two digital maps at 1:7,000,000 scale with accompanying digital chronological database and one poster (two sheets) with full map series.)
23. ^ Jump up to:^a b "First Americans Endured 20,000-Year Layover - Jennifer Viegas, Discovery News". Retrieved 2009-11-18. "Archaeological evidence, in fact, recognizes that people started to leave Beringia for the New World around 40,000 years ago, but rapid expansion into North America didn't occur until about 15,000 years ago, when the ice had literally broken" page 2
24. Jump up^ Linda Crawford Culberson (2009). Arrowheads and Spear Points in the Prehistoric Southeast: A Guide to Understanding Cultural Artifacts. Univ. Press of Mississippi. pp. 40–44. ISBN 978-1-60473-485-0.
25. Jump up^ Terry L. Jones; Kathryn Klar; Society for California Archaeology (2007). California Prehistory: Colonization, Culture, and Complexity. Rowman Altamira. p. 62.ISBN 978-0-7591-0872-1.
26. Jump up^ Norman Herz; Ervan G. Garrison (1998). Geological methods for archaeology. Oxford University Press. p. 125. ISBN 978-0-19-509024-6.
27. Jump up^ Robert Andrew Foley; Roger Lewin (2013). Principles of Human Evolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 663. ISBN 978-1-118-68799-4.
28. Jump up^ "Palaeo-Indian archaeology". Canadian Studies Program, Canadian Heritage.
29. Jump up^ C. Michael Barton (2004). The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography. University of Arizona Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-8165-2323-8.
30. ^ Jump up to:^a b "The Topper Site in South Carolina". Ohio Archaeological Inventor.
31. Jump up^ Gibbon, Guy E; Ames, Kenneth M (1998). "Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia". By Guy E. Gibbon, Kenneth M. Ames (1998).ISBN 978-0-8153-0725-9.
32. Jump up^ Peter N. Jones (2005). Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West. Bauu Institute. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-9721349-2-7.
33. Jump up^ Dickason, Olive. Canada's First Nations: A History of the Founding Peoples from the Earliest Times. 2nd edition. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1997.
34. Jump up^ "Alberta History pre 1800 - Jasper Alberta". AlbertaJasper.com.
35. Jump up^ "pre glaciology in Alberta". Calgary university.
36. Jump up^ "An mtDNA view of the peopling of the world by Homo sapiens". Cambridge DNA Services. 2007. Retrieved 2011-06-01.
37. Jump up^ Richmond, G.M., Fullerton, D.S. (1986). "Summation of Quaternary glaciations in the United States of America". Quaternary Science Reviews 5: 183–196.doi:10.1016/0277-3791(86)90184-8.
38. Jump up^ Tamm E, Kivisild T, Reidla M, et al. (2007). "Beringian Standstill and Spread of Native American Founders". PLoS ONE 2 (9): e829.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0000829. PMC 1952074. PMID 17786201.
39. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Beginnings to 1500 C.E.". Encyclopedia of Canada's Peoples.
40. Jump up^ Fagundes, Nelson J.R.; Ricardo Kanitz, Roberta Eckert, Ana C.S. Valls, Mauricio R. Bogo, Francisco M. Salzano, David Glenn Smith, Wilson A. Silva, Marco A. Zago, Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos, Sidney E.B. Santos, Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler, and Sandro L. Bonatto (2008). "Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas".American Journal of Human Genetics 82 (3): 583–592.doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013. PMC 2427228. PMID 18313026.
41. Jump up^ "Vertebrate paleontology and the alleged ice-free corridor: The meat of the matter". ScienceDirect a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V.
42. Jump up^ # Martin, Paul S. (2005): Twilight of the mammoths: Ice Age extinctions and the rewilding of America. University of California Press, Berkeley. ISBN 0-520-23141-4
43. Jump up^ Fiedal, Stuart (2009). "Sudden Deaths: The Chronology of Terminal Pleistocene Megafaunal Extinction". In Haynes, Gary. American Megafaunal Extinctions at the End of the Pleistocene. Springer. pp. 21–37. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-8793-6_2. ISBN 978-1-4020-8792-9.
44. Jump up^ "Meadowcroft Rockshelter, Pennsylvania.". Bradshaw Foundation.
45. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Chilean Field Yields New Clues to Peopling of Americas". The New York Times. By John Noble Wilford.
46. Jump up^ "Cactus Hill Update". Archaeological Institute of America.
47. Jump up^ "Taimataima site". Dr. José R. Oliver.
48. Jump up^ Connor, Steve (3 December 2002). "Does skull prove that the first Americans came from Europe?". The Independent (London). Retrieved 23 June 2011.
49. Jump up^ George Weber. "Tibito and El Abra sites (Colombia )". The Andaman Association.
50. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Evidence Supports Earlier Date for People in North America". New York Times. 2008-04-04. Retrieved 2010-05-13.
51. ^ Jump up to:^a b Ruhlen M (November 1998). "The origin of the Na-Dene". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 95 (23): 13994–6.doi:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994. PMC 25007. PMID 9811914.
52. Jump up^ William Brandon (2012). The Rise and Fall of North American Indians: From Prehistory through Geronimo. Roberts Rinehart. p. 9. ISBN 978-1-57098-453-2.
53. Jump up^ "Worldwide glacier retreat". RealClimate.
54. Jump up^ "First Americans". National Geographic society.
55. Jump up^ C.J. Heusser (2003). Ice Age Southern Andes: A Chronicle of Palaeoecological Events. Elsevier. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-08-053438-1.
56. Jump up^ "Early North American Cultures". Minnesota State University.
57. Jump up^ "Debert Palaeo-Indian Site". Nova Scotia Museum.
58. ^ Jump up to:^a b c "Lagoa Santa sites (Minas Gerais, Brazil)". Andaman Association.
59. Jump up^ "Oldest North American Mummy". Archaeological Institute of America.
60. Jump up^ "On Your Knees Cave". Timothy H. Heaton. The University of South Dakota. 2002. Retrieved 2009-11-21. "The American Journal of Physical Anthropolog reports new DNA-based research that links the DNA retrieved from a 10,000-year-old fossilized tooth from an Alaskan island, with specific coastal tribes in Tierra del Fuego, Ecuador, Mexico and California. Unique markers found in DNA recovered from the Alaskan tooth were found in these specific coastal tribes, and were rare in any of the other indigenous peoples in the Americas. This finding lends substantial credence to a migration theory that at least one set of early peoples moved south along the west coast of the Americas in boats. A previous study showed that mtDNA (human mitochondrial DNA) from indigenous populations in coastal British Columbia showed similarities to coastal populations in Southern California, while inland populations in both localities differed markedly. Dates of 9,730 and 9,880 years BP were obtained on the human remains, making them the oldest ever found in Alaska or Canada. The associated bone tool was dated to 10,300 years old"
61. Jump up^ Custred, Glynn (2000). "The Forbidden Discovery of Kennewick Man". Academic Questions 13 (3): 12–30. doi:10.1007/s12129-000-1034-8.
62. Jump up^ "America: 8000 to 5000 B.C.". Rice University.
63. Jump up^ Bronowski, Jacob (1975). The Ascent of Man. British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 92–94. ISBN 0-563-10498-8.
64. ^ Jump up to:^a b "Learn about Y-DNA Haplogroup Q. Genebase Tutorials" (Verbal tutorial possible). Genebase Systems. 2008. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
65. Jump up^ Orgel L (2004). "Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world" (PDF).Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 39 (2): 99–123. doi:10.1080/10409230490460765.PMID 15217990. Retrieved 2010-01-19.
66. Jump up^ "Summary of knowledge on the subclades of Haplogroup Q". Genebase Systems. 2009. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
67. Jump up^ Zegura SL, Karafet TM, Zhivotovsky LA, Hammer MF (January 2004). "High-resolution SNPs and microsatellite haplotypes point to a single, recent entry of Native American Y chromosomes into the Americas". Molecular Biology and Evolution 21 (1): 164–75. doi:10.1093/molbev/msh009. PMID 14595095.
68. Jump up^ "mtDNA Variation among Greenland Eskimos. The Edge of the Beringian Expansion". Laboratory of Biological Anthropology, Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research,University of Cambridge, Cambridge, University of Hamburg, Hamburg. 2000. doi:10.1086/303038. Retrieved 2009-11-22.
69. Jump up^ "The peopling of the New World - Perspectives from Molecular Anthropology".Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania (Annual Review of Anthropology): Vol. 33, 551–583. 2004.doi:10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143932. Retrieved 2010-02-03.
70. Jump up^ "Native American Mitochondrial DNA Analysis Indicates That the Amerind and the Nadene Populations Were Founded by Two Independent Migrations". Center for Genetics and Molecular Medicine and Departments of Biochemistry and Anthropology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia. Genetics Society of America. Vol 130, 153-162. Retrieved 2009-11-28.
71. Jump up^ Charles C. Mann (2006), 1491: new revelations of the Americas before Columbus, Random House Digital, p. 143, ISBN 978-1-4000-3205-1
72. Jump up^ "Epic explorer crosses frozen sea". BBC News. 2006-04-03.
73. Jump up^ Raff, J. A.; Bolnick, D. A. (2014-02-13). "Palaeogenomics: Genetic roots of the first Americans". Nature 506 (7487): 162–163. doi:10.1038/506162a. edit
74. Jump up^ Callaway, E. (2014-02-12). "Ancient genome stirs ethics debate". Nature 506(7487): 142–143. doi:10.1038/506142a. edit
75. Jump up^ Watson, T. (2014-02-13). "New theories shine light on origins of Native Americans". USA Today web site. Gannett Company. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
76. ^ Jump up to:^a b c Rasmussen, M.; Anzick, S. L.; Waters, M. R.; Skoglund, P.; DeGiorgio, M.; Stafford, T. W.; Rasmussen, S.; Moltke, I.; Albrechtsen, A.; Doyle, S. M.; Poznik, G. D.; Gudmundsdottir, V.; Yadav, R.; Malaspinas, A. S.; White, S. S.; Allentoft, M. E.; Cornejo, O. E.; Tambets, K.; Eriksson, A.; Heintzman, P. D.; Karmin, M.; Korneliussen, T. S.; Meltzer, D. J.; Pierre, T. L.; Stenderup, J.; Saag, L.; Warmuth, V. M.; Lopes, M. C.; Malhi, R. S.; Brunak, S. R.; Sicheritz-Ponten, T.; Barnes, I.; Collins, M.; Orlando, L.; Balloux, F.; Manica, A.; Gupta, R.; Metspalu, M.; Bustamante, C. D.; Jakobsson, M.; Nielsen, R.; Willerslev, E. (2014-02-13). "The genome of a Late Pleistocene human from a Clovis burial site in western Montana".Nature 506 (7487): 225–229. doi:10.1038/nature13025. PMID 24522598. edit
77. Jump up^ Diamond, Jared M. (1991). The Rise and Fall of the Third Chimpanzee. Radius. p. 308. ISBN 978-0-09-174268-3. OCLC 21594215.
78. Jump up^ Dillehay, Thomas (2000). The Settlement of the Americas: A New Prehistory. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-07669-6.
79. Jump up^ "Faeces hint at first Americans". BBC. April 3, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2011.
80. Jump up^ Jenkins / Willerslev et al. "Clovis Age Western Stemmed Projectile Points and Human Coprolites at the Paisley Caves" Science (Magazine), 13 July 2012. Retrieved: 13 July 2012.
81. Jump up^ Wilford, John Noble. "Spearheads and DNA Point to a Second Founding Society in North America" New York Times, 12 July 2012. Retrieved: 13 July 2012.
82. Jump up^ Thomas H. Maugh II. "Who lived here first? New info on North America's earliest residents" Los Angeles Times, 12 July 2012. Retrieved: 13 July 2012.
83. Jump up^ Joseph F. Powell (November 14, 2005), The first Americans: race, evolution, and the origin of Native Americans, Cambridge University Press, p. 123, ISBN 978-0-521-82350-0
84. Jump up^ Bruce Bradley; Dennis Stanford (2004). "The North Atlantic ice-edge corridor: a possible Palaeolithic route to the New World". World Archaeology. 36(4): 459–478. doi:10.1080/0043824042000303656.
85. Jump up^ Carey, Bjorn (2006-02-19). "First Americans may have been European". Life Science.com. Retrieved 2010-10-13.
86. Jump up^ Lawrence Guy Straus; David J. Meltzer; Ted Goebel, Ice Age Atlantis? Exploring the Solutrean-Clovis ‘connection’, retrieved 2011-04-24, "Bradley and Stanford (2004) have raised now, in several instances, the claim that European Upper Paleolithic Solutrean peoples colonized North America, and gave rise to the archaeological complex known as Clovis. They do so in the face of some obvious challenges—notably the several thousand miles of ocean and the 5000 radiocarbon years that separate the two. And yet they argue in their recent paper that the archaeological evidence in support of a historical connection is ‘overwhelming’. We are profoundly skeptical of this claim; we believe that the many differences between Solutrean and Clovis are far more significant than the few similarities, the latter being readily explained by the well-known phenomenon of technological convergence or parallelism. The origin and arrival time of the first Americans remain uncertain, but not so uncertain that we need to look elsewhere other than north-east Asia."
87. Jump up^ Carl Waldman. ATLAS OF THE NORTH AMERICAN INDIAN (3 ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8160-6858-6.
88. Jump up^ Nelson J.R. Fagundes; Ricardo Kanitz; Roberta Eckert; Ana C.S. Valls; Mauricio R. Bogo; Francisco M. Salzano; David Glenn Smith; Wilson A. Silva Jr.; Marco A. Zago; Andrea K. Ribeiro-dos-Santos; Sidney E.B. Santos; Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler (2008-03-03), Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas, Elsevier,doi:10.1016/j.ajhg.2007.11.013, PMC 2427228, PMID 18313026, retrieved 2011-04-24, "Our results strongly support the hypothesis that haplogroup X, together with the other four main mtDNA haplogroups, was part of the gene pool of a single Native American founding population; therefore they do not support models that propose haplogroup-independent migrations, such as the migration from Europe posed by the Solutrean hypothesis."

These citations are courtesy of Wikipedia.  Each article cited is in a peer reviewed journal and highly significant.  This may look like overkill.  Usually one or two representative citations will make the point.   THAT NATIVE AMERICANS ARE PART OF THE HUMAN FAMILY WHICH ORIGINATED IN AFRICA AND CROSSED THE WORLD TO REACH AMERICA VIA THE BERING STRAIGHT IS A FACT. 

Some common misunderstanding. 

Recent African Origin would imply American Indians and all people are "black".

I see this written as  "Recent African origin THEORY is BS because we are not 'black'."   The African Origin of all humans does not mean all humans are "black".  While all modern humans originated in Africa over the 70,000 years since the migration from Africa they have adapted to their environments.  Native Americans adapted to American conditions,  Europeans to European conditions etc.  Thus becoming superficially different over time.  At some point yes, all our ancestors were of African looks, but they did not stay that way.  

The only reason to reject this notion, given the mountains of DNA evidence is sheer ignorance and maybe even racism. 

Bering straight theory is a tool of colonization and is racist. 

Some poorly informed people have used it that way.   i.e. Using the Bering straight FACT to claim that American Indians are "immigrants."  If your ancestors got to a place before any other human beings at all got there, and have lived there for 10,000 plus years then you are not an immigrant.  It is simply ignorant for anyone to use this fact that way.