Anti-inflammatory medicines such as aspirin, estrogen, and Fluimucil can improve the efficacy of existing schizophrenia treatments, according to results announced at the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology conference in Berlin.
Doctors have long believed that helping the immune system may benefit the treatment of schizophrenia, but until now there has been no conclusive evidence that this would be effective. Now a group of researchers at the University of Utrecht in the Netherlands has carried out a comprehensive meta-analysis of all robust studies on the effects of adding anti-inflammatories to antipsychotic medication. They conclude that anti-inflammatory medicines, such as aspirin, can add to the effective treatment of schizophrenia.
Research has shown that the immune system is linked to certain psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Schizophrenia in particular is linked to the HLA gene system, which is found on chromosome 6 in humans. The HLA system controls many of the characteristics of the immune system.
According to lead researcher and psychiatry Professor Iris Sommer of University Medical Centre, Utrecht, "The picture on anti-inflammatory agents in schizophrenia has been mixed, but this analysis pulls together the data from 26 double-blind randomised controlled trials, and provides significant evidence that some (but not all) anti-inflammatory agents can improve symptoms of patients with schizophrenia. In particular, aspirin, estrogens (in women) and the common antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (fluimicil) show promising results. Other anti-inflammatory agents, including celecoxib, minocycline, davunetide, and fatty acids showed no significant effect."
In spite the fact that schizophrenia affects around 24 million people worldwide1, treatment has not changed much in over 50 years, and largely relies on correcting the regulation of dopamine in the brain of schizophrenia sufferers.
This has been shown to help symptoms such as hallucinations and delusions, but has been unable to help many other symptoms such as decreased energy, lack of motivation and poor concentration. In addition, around 20 to 30% of all patients don't respond to antipsychotic treatment. Co-treatment with anti-inflammatory agents holds the possibility of improving patient's response to treatment.
Sommer continued, "The study makes us realise that we need to be selective about which anti-inflammatory we use. Now that we know that some effects are replicated, we need to refine our methods to see if we can turn it into a real treatment. We have just started a multicenter trial using simvastatine to reduce inflammation in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. Studies like these will provide the proof-of-concept for targeting the immune system in schizophrenia."
Commenting for the ECNP, Professor Celso Arango (Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid) said, "Inflammation and oxidative stress seem to be important factors in different mental disorders. Patients with different mental conditions, including schizophrenia, have been shown to have reduced antioxidants in the brain as well as excess inflammatory markers. Animal models and clinical trials have shown that antioxidants and anti-inflammatory drugs could not only reduce symptoms associated with the disorders but also prevent the appearance of neurobiological abnormalities and transition to psychosis if given early during brain development.
"This work is a step towards the possibility of better treatment, but we need more research in this area, especially with younger subjects where we might expect more brain plasticity".
