About 200 million people across 75 of the poorest countries

in the world are now infected by the blood parasite Schistosoma haematobium (S.

haematobium). The infection causes severe urogenital disease, but also causes bladder cancer in a number of

patients and why this occurs is not clear.

Now a group of Portuguese

scientists believe they have the answer – their research shows how the parasite’s eggs can make human bladder cells behave as

cancerous cells. And the key to that – according to the first author of the work

Mónica Botelho– are catechol oestrogens, a molecule

derived from estrogen (the sex hormone) that was found by the researchers in

the eggs and is known to be highly carcinogenic

(causes cancer).

The research, a collaboration of the CECA/ICETA from the University of Porto, the National Institute

of Health in Porto, Portugal and the George Washington University, US could

be a first step towards one day be able to identify S. haematobium infected patients

at risk of bladder cancer or even prevent the cancer by targeting catechol-oestrogens.

Schistosomiasis is also associated to fertility problems and the newfound

molecules might hold the key to also understand this.

Schistosomiasis, despite the numbers infected, remains a

neglected tropical disease that affects the world’s poorest with a socioeconomically

impact in the developing world only second to malaria. The disease is transmitted to humans by freshwater snails from

contaminated waters, with the worms entering our blood stream to release eggs

that become embedded in the bladder wall where they cause chronic inflammation

and, in some patients, lead to bladder cancer.

How common is this

carcinoma among parasite-infected patients is difficult to know because the most affected countries are also the world’s poorest with scarce or even non-existing disease recording.

 Nevertheless, in Egypt, disappearance of S.

haematobium saw the type of tumors associated with the infection going from

being almost 80% of all diagnosed bladder cancers, to less than 27 %, suggesting that the infection leads to a significant number of cancer cases.

S. haematobia life cycle

Botelho and colleagues

have been investigating this relationship for many years, and shown already that extract from the adult worm

could make animal cells acquire cancer-like characteristics and

even form tumors if injected into mice with no immune system, further proving

the parasite-cancer link.

Following the

finding that Schistosomiasis’ patients had higher than normal levels of oestrogens  Botelho and colleagues also discovered new

estrogenic molecules released by S. haematobium. These molecules down-regulate

estrogen receptors effectively blocking the

host’s oestrogens (that act through these receptors).This, as Botelho explains

“was an important clue because we know that oestrogen receptors are reduced

when cancer becomes more invasive”. 

The new molecules were later identified as a

combination of DNA and catechol oestrogen-quinones (a derivate of estrogen).

Catechol estrogens have been linked to several types of cancer, including

breast and prostate cancer, suggesting that the new molecules could be the link

between schistosomiasis and bladder cancer.

The research now published follows these results looking at the effect

of S. haematobium eggs (the parasite stage associated with the cancer

development) on normal human bladder cells. For that Botelho and colleagues exposed

the cells to extract from the eggs and found that treated cells, when compared

with normal control cells, divided much more, died much less and showed signs of oxidative stress.

Uncontrolled cell division and resistance to die are hallmark characteristics of cancer,  and oxidative stress is known to be implicated in cancer formation.

To confirm that these changes were linked to cancer Botelho and

colleagues next looked for DNA lesions. If DNA - the cell’s “instruction book” - becomes damaged and is not properly repaired, it

will start giving wrong “instructions”, which can lead to the abnormal

behavior typical of cancer (uncontrolled cell multiplication, “immortality”, etc.).

And in fact, exposure to parasite’s eggs was linked to a visible increase in

DNA lesions in the cells. The eggs were confirmed to contain the same new estrogenic

molecules found in adult worms.

S. haematobia eggs embedded in the bladder wall (Image from CDC Public Health Image Library)

Based on the new data, Botelho and colleagues are now proposing a mechanism

for the Schistosomiasis-bladder cancer connection.

As Botelho explains, ”What we

think happens is that the parasite releases oestrogen molecules into the host.

These are metabolized into catechol-oestrogen

quinones, which are known to have high affinity for DNA and as result form estrogen-DNA

 adducts that can lead to the  bladder cancer."

In fact, adducts , defined as pieces of DNA covalently bonded to a cancer-causing chemical, are known to interfere with normal cell division increasing the chance of DNA mutations

and, consequently, of cancer. The carcinogenic effect of this estrogen–DNA

adduct could then explain the link between S. haematobium infection and the

carcinoma.

Botelho and

colleague’s work have several implications – the possibility of using the new

identified estrogenic molecules as biomarkers for bladder cancer in Schistosomiasis

patients, or even as therapy targets for a start.

This is important

because although at the moment it is suggested that there are about 4 cases of

cancer for 100 000 Schistosomiasis-infected individuals what does not seem much,  but we must remember that 200 millions people are believed to be infected, and even

those numbers, like the Egypt case suggests, are probably a gross

underestimation. The reality is that carcinoma of the urinary bladder is the

most common malignancy in the Middle East and parts of Africa where

schistosomiasis is a major problem. 

Not only that but, and despite the

existence of a cheap and effective drug, the disease (which is asymptomatic

until very late) seems to be increasing and spreading. This is probably due to

the large numbers of economical migrants from developing countries, as well as the

wars in these areas of the globe, that create large displacements of people.

Another interesting

potential implication for Botelho’s results is the possibility that the

new identified estrogenic molecules could have a role in other cancers associated

with infection and estrogenic changes, such as cholangiocarcinoma, a

liver cancer linked to an infection by a parasitic liver fluke.

A question remains though -

why does the parasite produce estrogenic molecules? An option, according to

the researchers, could be that uses them to reduce the density of the bladder wall (a known

effect of reduced estrogen receptors). After all  S. haematobium eggs must cross the

bladder mucosa to be excreted in order to survive and continue its life cycle.

Another possibility is that the parasite is manipulating the host’s

hormonal environment to improve its own living conditions.

Part of

Botelho’s future work will be looking at the effect of the new estrogenic molecules on

the parasite life cycle. 

Citation: Botelho,

M.C., et al. Tumour-like phenotypes in urothelial cells after exposure to

antigens from eggs of Schistosoma hae- matobium: An oestrogen–DNA adducts

mediated pathway? Int. J. Parasitol. (2013), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2012.10.023