A new study in Nature shows that genetic parasites invaded the mammalian genome more than 100 million years ago and dramatically changed the way mammals reproduce.
The molecular changes allowed mammals to carry their developing young within the womb rather than laying them in nests or carrying them around in pouches - the uterus was transformed.
The findings published online Sept. 25 in the journal Nature Genetics describe in unprecedented detail the molecular changes that allowed mammals to carry their developing young within the safety of the womb rather than laying them in nests or carrying them around in pouches.
The team studying the evolutionary history of pregnancy looked at cells found in the uterus associated with placental development and compared the genetic make-up of cells in opossums — marsupials that give birth two weeks after conception — to armadillos and humans, distantly related mammals with highly developed placentas that nurture developing fetuses for nine months. They found more than 1500 genes that were expressed in the uterus solely in the placental mammals. Intriguingly, note the researchers, the expression of these genes in the uterus is coordinated by transposons — essentially selfish pieces of genetic material that replicate within the host genome and used to be called junk DNA.
"Transposons grow like parasites that have invaded the body, multiplying and taking up space in the genome," said Vincent J. Lynch, lead author of the paper. But they also activate or repress genes related to pregnancy. "These transposons are not genes that underwent small changes over long periods of time and eventually grew into their new role during pregnancy. They are more like prefabricated regulatory units that install themselves into a host genome, which then recycles them to carry out entirely new functions like facilitating maternal-fetal communication."
"In the last two decades there have been dramatic changes in our understanding of how evolution works," said Gunter Wagner, senior author of the paper. "We used to believe that changes only took place through small mutations in our DNA that accumulated over time. But in this case we found a huge cut-and-paste operation that altered wide areas of the genome to create large-scale morphological change."
